[NYTr] Avnery: The Palestinian Mandela

[All the News That Doesn't Fit]

Gush Shalom - Sep 15, 2007
http://zope.gush-shalom.org/home/en/channels/avnery/1189892177


THE PALESTINIAN MANDELA

by Uri Avnery

THE DIVISION of the Palestinian territories into a "Hamastan" in the
Gaza Strip and a "Fatahland" in the West Bank is a disaster.

A disaster for the Palestinians, a disaster for peace, and therefore
also a disaster for Israelis.

The Israeli political and military leadership is happy about the split,
according to the doctrine "What's bad for Palestine is good for
Israel". This doctrine has guided Zionist policy right from the
beginning. Haim Arlosoroff, the Zionist leader who was murdered by
hands unknown on the seashore of Tel-Aviv in 1933, already condemned
this doctrine in his last speech: "Not everything that is bad for the
Arabs is good for the Jews, and not everything that is good for the
Arabs is bad for the Jews."

WILL THE Palestinians overcome this split?

It seems that the chances for that are getting smaller by the day. The
gulf between the two parties is getting wider and wider.

The Fatah people in the West Bank, headed by President Mahmoud Abbas,
condemn Hamas as a gang of fanatics, who are imitating Iran and are
guided by it, and who, like the Ayatollahs, are leading their people
towards catastrophe.

The Hamas people accuse Abbas of being a Palestinian Marshal Petain,
who has made a deal with the occupier and is sliding down the slippery
slope of collaboration.

The propaganda of both sides is full of venom, and the mutual violence
is reaching new heights.

It looks like a cul-de-sac. Many Palestinians have despaired of finding
a way out. Others are searching for creative solutions. Afif Safieh,
the chief of the PLO mission in Washington, for example, proposes
setting up a Palestinian government composed entirely of neutral
experts, who are neither members of Fatah nor of Hamas. The chances for
that are very slim indeed.

But in private conversations in Ramallah, one name pops up more and
more often: Marwan Barghouti.

"He holds the key in his hand," they say there, "both for the
Fatah-Hamas and for the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts."

SOME SEE Marwan as the Palestinian Nelson Mandela.

In appearances, the two are very different, both physically and in
temperament. But they have much in common.

Both became national heroes behind prison bars. Both were convicted of
terrorism. Both supported violent struggle. Mandela supported the 1961
decision of the National African Congress to start an armed struggle
against the racist government (but not against the white civilians). He
remained in prison for 28 years and refused to buy his freedom by
signing a statement denouncing "terrorism". Marwan supported the armed
struggle of Fatah's Tanzim organization and has been sentenced to
several life terms.

But both were in favor of peace and reconciliation, even before going
to prison. I saw Barghouti for the first time in 1997, when he joined a
Gush Shalom demonstration in Harbata, the village neighboring Bil'in,
against the building of the Modiin-Illit settlement that was just
starting. Five years later, during his trial, we demonstrated in the
courthouse under the slogan "Barghouti to the negotiating table, not to
prison!"

LAST WEEK we visited Marwan's family in Ramallah.

I had met Fadwa Barghouti for the first time at Yasser Arafat's
funeral. Her face was wet with tears. We were crowded among the
multitude of mourners, the din was ear-splitting and we could not
exchange more than a few words.

This time she was calm and composed. She laughed only when she heard
that Teddy Katz, a Gush activist who took part in the meeting, had
sacrificed a toenail for Marwan: during our protest in court we were
violently attacked by the guards and one of them stamped his heavy boot
on Teddy's sandaled foot.

Fadwa Barghouti is a lawyer by profession, a mother of four (three
sons, one daughter). The oldest, Kassem, has already been in prison for
half a year without trial. She is a dark-blond woman ("All the family
members, except Marwan, are blond," she explained, adding with a rare
smile: "Perhaps because of the Crusaders.")

The Barghoutis are a large Hamula (extended family), inhabiting six
villages near Bir Zeit. Dr. Mustapha Barghouti, the physician who is
well-known for his human rights activities, is a distant relative.
Marwan and Fadwa - also a Barghouti by birth - were born in Kobar
village.

Marwan Barghouti's family lives in a nice apartment in a co-dominion
building. On my way there, I noticed the widespread building activity
in Ramallah - it looks as if new buildings are going on every corner,
including commercial high-rises.

Near the door of the apartment, an embroidered sign says in English:
"Welcome to my home". The apartment itself is decorated with many
images of Marwan Barghouti, including a large drawing inspired by the
famous photo that shows him in court, raising his handcuffed arms above
his head like a victorious boxer. When the security forces were
searching for him, they took possession of the apartment for three days
and raised a large Israeli flag on the balcony.

Fadwa Barghouti is one of the few persons allowed to visit him. Not as
a lawyer, but only as "close family" - a definition that includes
parents, spouses, siblings and children under 16.

At present, there are about 11 thousand Palestinian prisoners in
Israeli jails. Assuming an average of five "close family" members, that
makes 55 thousand potential visitors. Those, too, need a permit for
each visit, and many are rejected for "security reasons". Fadwa also
needs a permit every time, which allows her only to go directly to the
prison and back, without stopping anywhere in Israel. The three sons
are not allowed to meet their father anymore, since all three have
passed the age of 16. Only the young daughter can visit him.

THERE IS hardly anyone who is more popular with the Palestinian public
than Marwan Barghouti. In this, too, he resembles Mandela while in
prison.

It is difficult to explain the source of this authority. It does not
emanate from his high position in Fatah, since the movement is
disorganized and there is hardly any clear hierarchy. From the time
when he was a simple activist in his village, he rose in the
organization by sheer force of personality. It is that mysterious thing
called charisma. He radiates a quiet authority that does not depend on
outward signs.

The war of vilification between Fatah and Hamas does not touch him.
Hamas takes care not to attack him. On the contrary, when they
submitted a list of prisoners in exchange for the captured soldier
Gilad Shalit, Marwan Barghouti, in spite of his being a Fatah leader,
headed the list.

It was he who, together with the imprisoned leaders of the other
organizations, composed the famous "prisoners' document", which called
for national unity. All Palestinian factions accepted the document.
Thus the "Mecca agreement", which created the (short-lived) Government
of National Unity, was born. Before it was signed by the parties,
urgent messengers were sent to Marwan, in order to obtain his
agreement. Only when this was given, did the signing take place.

I TOOK advantage of my visit in Ramallah in order to get an impression
of the opinions of Barghouti's adherents. They try not to be swept away
by the climate of mutual hate that now governs the leaderships of the
two sides.

Some of them strenuously oppose the Hamas actions in Gaza, but try to
understand the causes. According to them, the Hamas people, unlike many
of the Fatah leaders, have never been in the West and have not attended
foreign universities. Their mental world was formed by the religious
education system. Their horizon is narrow. The complex international
situation, in which the Palestinian national movement is compelled to
operate, is quite foreign to them.

In the last elections, my interlocutors explained, Hamas hoped to gain
35-40% of the votes and thus gain legitimacy for their movement. They
were totally surprised when they got the majority. They did not know
what to do with it. They had no ready plans. It was a mistake on their
part to set up a government composed entirely of Hamas members, instead
of insisting on a unity government. They misjudged the international
and Israeli reaction.

Marwan's adherents do not shrink back from self-criticism. In their
opinion, Fatah is not without blame for what happened in Gaza. The
movement did not act wisely when they arrested and humiliated the Hamas
leaders. For example, they arrested Mahmoud al-Zahar, the foreign
minister in the Hamas government, humiliated him, cut off his beard and
called him by the name of a famous Egyptian female dancer. This is one
of the reasons for the burning hatred al-Zahar and his colleagues hold
for Fatah.

I did not hear denials of the Hamas contention, that Muhammad Dahlan,
the former confidant and security advisor of Mahmoud Abbas, conspired
with the Americans to carry out a military coup in the Gaza Strip.
Dahlan, the darling of the Americans (and the Israelis) believed,
according to them, that, if provided with arms and money, he could take
over Gaza. That pushed Hamas to the decision to act first and carry out
an armed takeover themselves. Since the majority of the public
supported Hamas and detested Dahlan, who was accused of collaborating
with the occupation, Hamas easily won. Dahlan has now been sent into
exile by Abbas.

Hamas' center of gravity is in the Gaza Strip. That is the problem of
Khaled Mashal, the Hamas leader who resides in Damascus. Unlike his two
deputies, he has no roots in Gaza. That's why he needs money to
reinforce his standing there. He gets it from Iran.

(I would have liked to give some impressions here of the Hamas point of
view, but it is quite impossible to enter the Gaza Strip, while our
Hamas interlocutors in East Jerusalem have all been sent to prison.)

HOW WILL the Palestinians get out of this bind? How can they
reestablish a national leadership that will be accepted by all parts of
the people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, able to lead the
national struggle and make peace with Israel, when peace becomes
possible??

Bargouti's followers believe that at the right time, when Israel comes
to the conclusion that it needs peace, he will be released from prison
and play a central role in the reconciliation - much as Mandela was
released from prison in South Africa when the white government came to
the conclusion that the Apartheid regime could not be sustained
anymore. I have no doubt that In order to bring such a situation about,
the Israeli peace forces must start a big public campaign for
Barghouti's release.

What will happen in the meantime?

There is hardly anyone on the Palestinian side who believes that Ehud
Olmert will conclude a peace agreement and implement it. Hardly anyone
believes that anything will come out of the "international meeting"
that is supposed to take place in November. The Palestinians believe
that it is a bone thrown by President Bush to Condoleezza Rice, whose
standing has been dropping dramatically.

And if that has no results?

"There is no vacuum," one of the Fatah leaders told me, "If the efforts
of President Abbas do not bear fruit, there will be another explosion,
like the intifada after the failure of Camp David."

How is that possible, after the Fatah activists have turned over their
arms and foresworn violence? "A new generation will arise," my
interlocutor said, "As has happened before - one age-group gets tired
and its place is taken by the next one. If the occupation does not come
to an end and there is no peace, a peace that will enable the members
of this generation to turn to the universities, to family, work and
business, a new intifada will surely break out."

To achieve peace, the Palestinians need national unity, much as the
Israelis need a consensus for withdrawal. The man who symbolizes the
hope for unity among the Palestinians is sitting now in Hasharon jail.